Rules: Appendix 3

 

Optional Byzantine Eras and Enemies Tables

 

Both the start and end dates of the Byzantine Empire are open to debate. For the purposes of this campaign the start date is from the fall of the western portion of the Roman Empire in 476 CE and the end date has been taken to be 1384 CE; as from then, until the final fall of Constantinople in 1453 CE, it was unable to raise an effective army that could operate beyond the walls of the city.

 

Eras

The extended campaign is fought over an additional six eras as follows:

Era	MeG			ADLG
	Time period	Army list name	List no.	Time period	Army list name	List no.
Eastern Later Roman transition to early Byzantine	476 – 493 CE 493 – 578 CE	Eastern Later Roman Early  Byzantine	3302   3309	476 – 493 CE   493 – 575 CE	Patrician Roman – sub-list: Eastern army Justinian Byzantine	88   124
Early Byzantine post Maurikian army reforms	578 – 650 CE 622 – 628 CE 629 – 636 CE	Maurikian Byzantine Heraklian Byzantine * Syrian     Byzantine *	3310 3312 3315	575  – 650 CE	Maurikian Byzantine	125
Thematic Byzantine	650 – 929 CE 929 – 963 CE	Thematic Byzantine Later Thematic Byzantine	3318   3322	650 – 960 CE	Thematic Byzantine	126
Later Macedonian/ Doukas dynasties	960 – 1058 CE 1059 – 1071 CE	Nikephorian Byzantine Later Nikephorian Byzantine	3323 3324	961 – 1050 CE  1051 – 1071 CE	Nikephorian Byzantine Konstantinian Byzantine	127 192
Komnenan dynasty	1071 – 1204 CE	Komnenan Byzantine	5201	1072 – 1204 CE	Komnenan Byzantine	193
Late (fractured) Empire	1204 – 1261 CE 1204 – 1337 CE   1261 – 1384 CE 1204 – 1384 CE	Nicaean Byzantine (Nic)   Epirot Byzantine (Epi)   Late Imperial Byzantine (Late)   Empire of Trebizond (Treb)	5206   5207 5211   5208	1205 – 1384 CE	Later Byzantine	258

 

* These lists may only be used as per the notes to the Enemies list

 

Eastern Later Roman transition to early Byzantine

Invasion
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2 - 4	Kingdom of the Vandals	African Vandal	3303	142
5 - 6	Kingdom of the Ostrogoths	Italian Ostrogoth	3308	144
7	Kingdom of the Visigoths	MeG: Tolosan Visigoth ADLG: Visigoth in Spain	3401	141
8	Moors - alliance	MeG: Later Moorish ADLG: Moors	3301	113
9 - 11	Persia	MeG: Middle Sassanid Persian Sassanid Persian ADLG: Sassanid Persian	2614 3306	109
12	Gepids & Heruls (Note 1)	MeG: Gepid MeG: Heruls ADLG: Gepid, Herul, Taifali and Sciri	2120 2119	96

 

Defence
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2 - 3	Antes - alliance	MeG: Southern Slav ADLG: Slav	3501	158
4	Persia  (Note 2)	Sassanid Persian	3306	109
5	Moors - alliance	MeG: Later Moorish ADLG: Moors	2717	113
6	Kingdom of the Ostrogoths	Italian Ostrogoth	3308	144
7	Usurper	As Era	See Era	See Era
8	Avaria	Avar	3505	159
9	Lombards	MeG: Langobard ADLG: Lombard	3305	143
10	Frankia (Note 3)	MeG: Early Merovingian Frank ADLG: Franks, Alemanni, Burgundi, Suevi	3404	97
11 -12	Sabir	MeG: Sabir ADLG: Huns sub-list: Sabir Huns from 463 to 570 AD	3304	110

 

Notes

                 1.          This can be taken twice, the first time the Enemy are the Gepids; the second the Enemy are the Heruls.

                 2.        This can be taken three times representing the Anastasian war (502-503 CE); the Iberian war (526–532 CE) and the Lazic war (541-562 CE).

                 3.     This represents the Frank and Alemanni army sent to assist the Ostrogoths in 554 CE. The Byzantine army must include: MeG: at least the minimum number of ‘Dismount Foederate cavalry and allied Lombard cavalry’ ADLG: a Herul allied command (list 96), all Horsemen must deploy dismounted and must be deployed in their own separate command which is treated as Hesitant as per the Alliance rules.

  

Early Byzantine post Maurikian army reforms

Invasion
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2	Moors - alliance	MeG: Later Moorish ADLG: Moors	3301	113
3	Sabirs	MeG: Sabir ADLG: Huns sub-list: Sabir Huns from 463 to 570 AD	3304	110
4 - 7	Persia (Note 1)	Sassanid Persian	3306	109
8 - 9	Avaria	Avar	3505	159
10	Principality of Armenia	MeG: Rshtuni Armenian ADLG: Armenian Principality	3317	128
11	Lombard Kingdom of Italy	MeG: Italian Lombard or Lombard Principalities  ADLG: Lombard sub-list: Kingdom of Italy (from 585 to 774)	3311 or 3320	143
12	Bedouin - alliance	MeG: Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin ADLG: Early Arab sub list: Bedouin tribes	2213	75

 

Defence
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army li st
2	Moors - alliance	MeG: Later Moorish ADLG: Moors	2716	113
3	Sabirs	MeG: Sabir ADLG: Huns sub-list: Sabir Huns from 463 to 570 AD	3304	110
4	Lombard Kingdom of Italy	MeG: Italian Lombard or Lombard Principalities  ADLG: Lombard sub-list: Kingdom of Italy (from 585 to 774)	3311 or 3320	143
5	Avaria	Avar	3505	159
6	Persia (Note 2)	Sassanid Persian	3306	109
7	Usurper	As Era	See Era	See Era
8	Arabia (Note 3)	MeG: Early Arab Conquest Arab Conquest ADLG: Arab Conquest	3101 3102	130
9	Bulgars	MeG: Early Bulgar ADLG: Bulgar	3506	160
10	Nubia	Christian Nubian	5901	166
11	Antes - alliance	MeG: Southern Slav ADLG: Slav	3501	158
12	Kingdom of the Visigoths	MeG: Tolosan Visigoth or         Later Visigoth ADLG: Visigoth in Spain	3401 or 3411	141

 

Notes

1.       This can be rolled three times:

·        The first represents the war of 572 – 591 CE

·        The second is the joint Byzantine-Sassanid army that helped Khosrou/Chosroes II regain the Sassanid throne from Bahram Chobin in 591 CE. The Byzantine player must include a Sassanid Persian allied command (MeG:  3306 ADLG: 109) and an Armenian allied command (MeG: 3317 ADLG: 128).

·        The third represents the latter part of the war of 602 – 628 CE after 622 CE where the Byzantines were on the offensive, finally defeating the Persians at the 627 CE Battle of Nineveh. MeG: The Byzantine army must be drawn from list 3312 Heraklian Byzantine Optional: Battlefield Effect - Weather effect 2: Fog (see Appendix 4).

2.       This can be rolled two times:

·        The first represents the initial part of the war of 602 – 628 CE where the Persians were on the offensive conquering most of the Byzantine Empire’s Asian provinces plus Egypt.

·        The second represents the high point of the Persian offensive in the war of 602 – 628 CE – an alliance with the Avars culminating in the siege of Constantinople in 626 CE. The Sassanid Persian army must include an Avar allied command (MeG: 3505 ADLG: 159).

3.       This can be taken four times representing the following Arab invasions in turn:

·        Syria 629 - 636 CE. This represents the battle of Yarmuk MeG: The Byzantine player must use the Syrian Byzantine list (3314); the Arab player must use the Early Arab Conquest list (3101). ADLG: Use pre 638 CE options only.  The Arab player must choose a MeG: Legendary ADLG: Strategist general. Optional: The Arab player also benefits from one of the following two effects: Battlefield Effect - Battlefield Manoeuvres: 3: Ready and waiting, or 5: Hidden Ambush (see Appendix 4). The choice must be made immediately prior to deployment.

·        Armenia  638 - 639 CE

·        Egypt 639 - 641 CE   

·        North Africa 647 CE onwards.

Thematic Byzantine

Invasion
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2-3	Umayyad Caliphate in North Africa (Note 1)	MeG: Umayyad in Africa and Spain ADLG: Umayyad Arab sub-list: North Africa, Arabia, Syria and Egypt	3104	131
4-6	Umayyad Caliphate (Note 2)	MeG: Umayyad and early ‘Abbasid ADLG: Umayyad Arab	3105	131
7	Sclaviniae - alliance	MeG: Southern Slav ADLG: Slav	3501	158
8	Abbasid Caliphate	MeG: Caliphal Later ‘Abbasid ADLG: Abbasid Arab	3109	134
9-11	Bulgarian Empire	MeG: First Bulgarian Empire ADLG: Bulgars	3513	160
12	Principality of Armenia	MeG: Rshtuni Armenian Bagratid Armenian ADLG: Armenian Principality Bagratid Armenian	3317 3321	128 129

 

 

Defence
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2-3	Arabs in North Africa (Note 3)	Arab Conquest MeG: Umayyad in Africa and Spain ADLG: Umayyad Arab sub-list: North Africa, Arabia, Syria and Egypt	3102 3104	130   131
4	Aghlabid - invasion of Sicily	MeG: North African Dynasties ADLG: North African Arab	3107	132
5	Umayyad Caliphate (Note 4)	MeG: Arab Conquest MeG: Umayyad and early ‘Abbasid ADLG: Umayyad Arab	3102 3105	131
6	Sclaviniae - alliance (Note 5)	MeG: Southern Slav ADLG: Slav	3501	158
7	Usurper	As Era	See Era	See Era
8	Bulgars (Note 6)	MeG: Early Bulgar ADLG: Bulgar	3506	160
9	Abbasid Caliphate	MeG: Caliphal Later ‘Abbasid ADLG: Abbasid Arab	3109	134
10	Rus	Rus	3517	165
11	Hamdanids of Aleppo	MeG: Bedouin Dynasties – Hamdanids in Aleppo options ADLG: Bedouin Dynasties sub-list: Hamdanids of Aleppo (945 to 1008)	3114	138
12	Croatia & Serbia (Note 7)	MeG: Early Croatian MeG: Early Serbian ADLG: Serbo-Croatian	3314 3313	162

 

Notes

1.     This represents the Byzantine attempt to retake the province of North Africa from the Arabs in 698 CE. The Byzantine player must take a Visigoth allied command (MeG: Later Visigoth 3411 ADLG: Visigoth in Spain 142).

2.     This represents the successful war with the Arabs in 686 – 688 CE resulting in the transfer of Armenia and Iberia to Byzantine control.

3.     This can be rolled twice and represents the Arab invasion of North Africa between 647 - 709 CE, the first time using the Arab Conquest army list, the second using the Umayyad Arab army list.

4.       This can be rolled twice and represents the following in order:

·        The battles that took place around the Sea of Marmara as part of the first Arab siege of Constantinople 672 – 678 CE.

·        The battles that took place in Thrace as part of the second Arab siege of Constantinople 692 – 718 CE. The Byzantine player must take a Bulgar allied command MeG: 3513 ADLG: 160.

5.      This represents the Byzantine relief army at the siege of Thessalonika of 676 – 678 CE by a coalition of Slavic tribes. The siege is notable for the presence of St. Demetrios who used miracles in its defence. Optional: The Byzantine army benefits from:  Battlefield effects - Terrain advantages 4 – Relief of Mafeking! (see Appendix 4)

6.       This can be rolled twice:

·        The first represents the attempt by Emperor Constantine IV to drive the invading Bulgars out of the Empire in 680 CE; unfortunately he fell ill during the attack.  Optional: The Bulgar army benefits from  Battlefield effects – Generals variations: 6 i.e. the player can choose (see Appendix 4).

·        The second represents the war of 813 CE. Optional: The Bulgarian player benefits from Battlefield Effect - Special adjustments: 2 - In Hoc Signo Vinca – the second option must be taken (See Appendix 4).

7.       This may be taken twice, representing campaigns against the Croats and Serbians in turn.

Later Macedonian/Doukas dynasties

Invasion
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2	Khazars of Crimea (Note 1)	Khazar	3514	161
3-4	Kingdom of Georgia	Georgian	5101	215
5-6	Hamdanids of Aleppo (Note 2)	MeG: Bedouin Dynasties – Hamdanids in Aleppo options ADLG: Bedouin Dynasties sub-list: Hamdanids of Aleppo (945 to 1008)	3114	138
7	Great Seljuk Empire (Note 3)	MeG: Great Seljuk Empire ADLG: Seljuk Turks sub-list: Seljuk Empire (1063 – 1194)	3123	203
8	Kievan Rus in Bulgaria (Note 4)	Rus	3517	165
9	First Bulgarian Empire (Note 5)	MeG: First Bulgarian Empire ADLG: Bulgar	3513	160
10	Lombard principalities	MeG: Lombard principalities ADLG: Lombard sub-list: Lombard principalities (from 775)	3320	143
11-12	Holy Roman Empire in Italy	MeG: East Frankish ADLG: Later Franks sub-list: Eastern Franks	3417	154

 

Defence
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2-4	Seljuk Turks (Note 6)	Seljuk Turks	3122	203
5	Pechenegs	Pecheneg	3516	164
6	First Bulgarian Empire (Note 7)	MeG: First Bulgarian Empire ADLG: Bulgar	3513	160
7	Usurper	As Era	See Era	See Era
8	Fatimid Egypt	MeG: Early Fatimid Egyptian ADLG: Fatimid Egyptian sub-list: Before 1074	3121	202
9	Serbia (Note 8)	MeG: Early Serbian ADLG: Serbo-Croatian	3313	162
10-12	Sicilian and Italian Normans	MeG: Normans in Italy and Sicily ADLG: Norman sub-list: Normans in Italy or Sicily (after 1041)	3422	179

 

Notes

1.    This represents the joint Byzantine/Rus attack in 1016 CE on the Khazar rump state in the Crimea. The Byzantine army must include a Rus allied command (MeG: 3517 ADLG: 165). MeG: ignore the listed end date of list 3514.

2.       This may be taken twice and represents the Byzantine campaigns that took Cilicia and Antioch from the Hamdanid Arabs in 964 - 975 CE.

3.       This represents the disastrous Manzikert campaign of 1071 CE. Optional: The Seljuk Turk army benefits from Battlefield Effects – Generals variations 3 – Confusion, and Troop late arrival 1 – Stragglers (see Appendix 4).

4.   This represents the battles against the Rus in 970 - 971 CE in Thrace and Bulgaria. The Rus must take a Pecheneg allied command (MeG: 3516 ADLG: 164) and a Bulgar allied command (MeG: Early Bulgar 3506 ADLG: 160). Optional: The Byzantine army benefits from Battlefield Effects - Special adjustments 1 – Taunting the enemy (see Appendix 4).

5.       This represents the final destruction of the First Bulgarian Empire in 1014 CE at the Battle of Kleidion.  Optional: The Bulgarian army benefits from Battlefield Effects - Terrain advantages 1 – Outmanoeuvred, and Special Adjustments 5 – Night shift engineering works (see Appendix 4).

6.    This represents the first encounter of the Byzantines with the Seljuk Turks in 1048 CE. The Byzantine army must include a Georgian allied command (MeG: 5101 ADLG: 215). The battle was a night battle. Optional: To simulate the night battle use Battlefield Effects - Weather effect 2 – Fog, (see Appendix 4) but with no die rolls for it to clear.

7.     This represents the Bulgarian raids culminating in the Battle of Spercheios in 997 CE. Optional: The Byzantine army benefits from: Battlefield Effects - Terrain adjustments 2 – Local Knowledge and 3 – River (see Appendix 4). The terrain piece removed may be the river.

8.     This represents the Serbian uprising in 1042 CE that led to the Battle of Bar. Optional: The Serbian army benefits from: Battlefield Effects - Terrain advantages 1 – Outmanoeuvred, and Special adjustments 3 – Fear (see Appendix 4).

Komnenan dynasty

Invasion
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2-4	Kingdom of Sicily - holdings in Albania	MeG: Norman Sicilian ADLG: Kingdom of Sicily pre- 1194	5603	188
5-7	Seljuk Turkish  (Note 1)	MeG: Greater Seljuk Empire; Later Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum ADLG: Seljuk Turks sub-list: Seljuk Empire (1063 – 1194) or sub-list: Rum Sultanate (1128 – 1276)	3123 5106 5114	203
8	Principality of Antioch	MeG: Early Outremer states ADLG: Crusader	5111	195
9-10	Kingdom of Hungary	MeG: Hungarian ADLG: Feudal Hungarian	5604	214
11-12	Fatimid Egypt (Note 2)	MeG: Later Fatimid Egyptian ADLG: Fatimid Egyptian	5102	202

 

Defence
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2-4	Armenian Cilicia	MeG: Early Armenian Cilicia ADLG: Cilician Armenian	5103	194
5	Serbia (Note 3)	MeG: Early Serbian ADLG: Serbo-Croatian	5202	162
6	Kingdom of Sicily -holdings in Albania	MeG: Norman Sicilian ADLG: Kingdom of Sicily	5603	188
7	Usurper	As Era	See Era	See Era
8	Fourth Crusade (Note 4)	MeG: Latin Empire ADLG: Later Crusader	5205	196
9	Pechenegs	Pecheneg	3516	164
10	Seljuk Turkish	MeG: Greater Seljuk Empire; Later Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum ADLG: Seljuk Turks sub-list: Seljuk Empire (1063 – 1194) or sub-list: Rum Sultanate (1128 – 1276)	3123 5106 5114	203
11-12	2nd Bulgarian Empire	2nd Bulgarian Empire	5203	257

 

Notes

1.      This may be rolled three times. The first and second times will be against the Seljuk Empire, the third represents the campaign of 1176 CE against the Sultanate of Rum leading to the battle of Myriokephalon. The Byzantine player must include a Hungarian allied command (MeG: 5604 ADLG: 214). Optional: The Seljuk Turk army benefits from Battlefield Effects: Terrain adjustments 2 – Local Knowledge (see Appendix 4).

2.       This represents the joint Byzantine/Crusader expedition to Egypt in 1168-1169 CE. The Byzantine army must include a Crusader state allied command (MeG: 5113 ADLG: 196).

3.       This may be rolled twice. The second time it is rolled the Serbian player must choose a Hungarian allied command (MeG: 5604 ADLG: 214)

4.       This represents the attack on, and fall of, Constantinople in 1203 - 1204 CE by/to the crusaders of the 4^th Crusade. No land battle occurred because, despite substantially outnumbering the crusaders, Emperor Alexios III lost his nerve, retreating back behind the city walls and later fleeing in secret with the treasury. Optional: The Crusader army benefits from Battlefield Effects: Special adjustments 3 – Fear (see Appendix 4).

Late (fractured) Empire 1204 - 1384

Invasion
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2-4	Catalan Company (Late) (Note 2)	MeG: Catalan Company in Anatolia ADLG: Catalan Company	5215	262
5-6	Latin Empire (Nic) (Late)	MeG: Latin Empire ADLG: Eastern Latin Empire	5205	198
7-8	2nd Bulgarian Empire (Epi) (Late)	2nd Bulgarian Empire	5203	257
9-12	Kingdom of Sicily (Late)	MeG: Angevin Sicilian ADLG: Kingdom of Sicily sub-list: Angevin period (1267-1320)	5612	188

 

Defence
Dice roll (2d6)	Nation	Army	MeG Army list	ADLG Army list
2	Special (Note 3) (Late)	MeG: Golden Horde/ Knights of St. John ADLG: Golden Horde/Order of St. John	5214/4510	252/263
3	Catalan Company in Greece (Late)	MeG: Catalan Company in Greece ADLG: Catalan Company sub-list: From 1306, in Greece	5216	262
4	Serbian Empire (Late)	Serbian Empire	5303	256
5	2nd Bulgarian Empire (Nic) (Late)	2nd Bulgarian Empire	5203	257
6	Latin Empire (Nic)	MeG: Latin Empire ADLG: Eastern Latin Empire	5205	198
7	Usurper (Note 4)	As Era	See Era	See Era
8	Sultanate of Rum (Treb) (Nic)	MeG: Sultanate of Rum ADLG: Seljuk Turks sub-list: Rum Sultanate (1128 – 1276)	5114	203
9-10	Ottoman Turk (Late) (Treb) (Epi) (Note 5)	MeG: Early Ottoman Turkish ADLG: Ottoman Turkish	5213	261
11	Kingdom of Sicily – Angevin period (Late)	MeG: Angevin Sicilian ADLG: Kingdom of Sicily sub-list: Angevin period (1267-1320)	5612	188
12	Kingdom of Georgia (Treb)	Georgian	5101	215

 

 Notes

1.       The Byzantine Empire was fractured into several parts following the fall of Constantinople in 1204 CE. In 1261 CE the Empire of Nicaea, after several failed attempts to retake the city by siege, was able to retake it by stealth but this did not lead to a voluntary reunification of the separate parts of the old Empire; it had to be attempted by force of arms.

After the fall of the city to the Crusaders those remaining parts of the Empire, that were able (at least at times) to put effective armies into the field, were as follows:

a.       Empire of Nicaea (1204 – 1261 CE)                                         (Nic)         

b.      Despotat of Epirus (1204 – 1340 CE)                                        (Epi)

c.       Empire of Trebizond ((1204 – 1384 CE)                                  (Treb)

d.      Later empire (1261 – 1384 CE)                                                 (Late)

These are referred to in the list above using the abbreviations shown and any army listed may be used when fighting that enemy; the invader makes the choice.

MeG: use the matching army lists shown in the Era list, ADLG: use the relevant sub-list in list 258 – Later Byzantine. For the Later Empire (Late) use sub-list:  Palaiologon Byzantine (1261 – 1384).

2.       This represents the attempt by Emperor Michael IX Palaiologos to wipe out the Catalan Company at the battle of Apros in 1305 CE. The Byzantine player must take an Alan allied command (MeG: 3511 ADLG: 108).

3.    The first time this is rolled it represents the invasion of Thrace by the Golden Horde with a Bulgar allied command (MeG: 5203 ADLG: 257) in 1263 CE. The second time it represents the attack of the Knights of St John on and occupation of Rhodes in 1310 CE.

4.      This can be rolled three times. The fracturing of the empire into parts led to an explosion of rival claimants and civil wars. The fall of the Empire was as much to do with its exhaustion from in-fighting as from foreign conquest. A usurper can choose any part of the empire to be based on and can also choose the part he wishes to invade. The dates must match e.g. if choosing the Later Empire to base an army on a player can’t choose the Empire of Nicaea as their Byzantine opponent.

5.      The Ottoman Turks were the final nemesis of the Roman/Byzantine state, though the last part wasn’t extinguished until after this campaign finishes. Even though in both MeG and ADLG the end of the Era overlaps with later Ottoman lists (Post 1362) no major wars were fought between the Byzantines and Ottomans between 1362 CE and 1384 CE so the option to use those Ottoman lists hasn’t been provided for.

This can be rolled three times, each time against one of the parts existing post 1261 CE and can be chosen in any order.